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Clinical Disorders: Therapeutic Classes: Mechanism Classes:
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The Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypotension
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THIS PAGE: Definition of Hypotension and its Causes
Definition of Hypotension and its
Causes
Hypotension is a physiologic state in which the arterial blood pressure is abnormally low. For an adult, hypotension exists when the systolic pressure is less than 90 mmHg and the diastolic pressure is less than 60 mmHg. Because arterial pressure is determined by cardiac output, venous pressure and systemic vascular resistance (Click here for more details), a reduction in either one or all of these variables can lead to hypotension. Causes of hypotension include:
- Hypovolemia due to hemorrhage or dehydration (reduces venous pressure and cardiac output).
- Blood volume redistribution caused by postural changes or gravitational forces (reduces venous pressure and cardiac output).
- Reduced cardiac output caused by acute or chronic heart failure (e.g., cardiogenic shock), arrhythmias, or autonomic neuropathy.
- Reduced systemic vascular resistance due to loss of sympathetic tone caused by drugs or autonomic neuropathy, or vasodilation caused by sepsis (septic shock) or anaphylaxis.
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Rationale for Pharmacologic Treatment
Revised 03/14/07